As many of you know, Craig is a history teacher at a local continuation high school. Here is a lesson plan which he created for his study of Oakland . . .
Historically Speaking
The completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 linked California directly with the eastern United States. In the decade after the railway's completion, tens of thousands of farmers, urban laborers, and potential business owners made the trek west to start new lives in the Golden State. Alluring advertisements tempted easterners to travel to California both for business and pleasure.
This growth helped Californians who already had profitable businesses, and it also helped expand markets for goods, job opportunities, and cultural and community activities and institutions. Towns along railway lines grew and prospered, while those passed by withered and some died. People already oppressed in California, such as Californios (people of Mexican heritage), Native Americans, and Chinese immigrants, found their status lowered even further with the onslaught of white Americans moving west.
Railroads encouraged economic growth in California by reducing transportation costs, making remote lands and resources accessible, enlarging markets for producers, raising land values, and increasing many people's incomes. One of the first consequences of the transcontinental railroad was the growth in size and influence of Oakland, California.
Oakland had been a steamboat port settled in the 1850s across from San Francisco. In 1868, the western end of the transcontinental railroad was undetermined. The logical terminus was San Francisco, the region's most westward city and directly connected to international sea trade routes. Horace Carpentier, the founder of Oakland, convinced the "Big Four" in charge of the Central Pacific Railroad to end the railway in Oakland in exchange for his interest in the Oakland Waterfront Company, giving the railroad access to steamboat lines. The CP also constructed a huge rail yard and servicing facility in Oakland.
The Central Pacific's arrival had an immediate impact on Oakland. Travelers jammed downtown hotels, restaurants, and shops. Commerce increased and land values rose, causing a commercial and residential building boom as new neighborhoods with ornate Victorian homes went up. Industries rushed into the city to be nearer to the railroad and wharf.
As employment rose, so too did population. In 1868 Oakland was a village of about 2,000 inhabitants, whose streets wound around the oak trees the town had been named for. By 1870 the population swelled to 10,500, with straightened streets replacing the sprawling oaks. In 1880, with 35,000 residents, Oakland had grown into the second largest city in California and the west.
Oakland quickly modernized after the arrival of the railroad. The increased population expanded its wealth and tax base, and brought new ideas and technologies. Schools, churches, and local government agencies multiplied, as did social, cultural, and professional organizations. Telephone service arrived in 1878, only two years after its invention, and electricity followed in the 1880s. Oakland's system of horsecar trolley lines, Central Pacific commuter lines, and cable cards extended throughout the east bay, connecting Oakland with the growing communities that included Berkeley to the north and San Leandro and Hayward to the south. By the 1880s, Oakland was the center of a growing east bay metropolitan region, and the city was a thriving, attractive, comfortable city comparable and even more superior to some older eastern cities.
Not all Oakland residents prospered equally after the arrival of the railroad. Although many business owners and real estate speculators grew wealthy, the working-class majority, and especially racial and ethnic minorities, were left out of the expanding wealth. Chinese, African American, Mexican, and some European immigrants were pushed into the least desirable urban neighborhoods, such as West Oakland, which, from its start, was home to some of the city's poorest residents. Some African American men found stable work as railroad waiters and porters. Others were able to obtain other physical labor jobs offered by the Central Pacific and steamship lines. For most minorities, low-paying service or industrial jobs were the norm. Chinese immigrants, at times the most discriminated against minority, founded a Chinatown district in Oakland that survives to today.
Not all workers accepted their lot in life. Labor strikes became common, though most labor unions forbade membership by minority workers, who were left with no protections offered by collective bargaining for wages and working conditions. However, with more and more people moving to California from around the country and around the world, wages were held low and charities strained to help those in need. Frequently, immigrants, especially those from China, were blamed by white workers for everything from lower wages to drug abuse and prostitution.
Disgruntled white workers rallied around the anti-Chinese Workingmen's Party of California, which was founded in 1877. The party supported expelling the Chinese from California and restricting their rights until they were forced out. Though unsuccessful in exiling Chinese laborers, the party was successful in causing Oakland and other cities to adopt ordinances discriminating against the Chinese in housing, employment, and city services. The party faded away in 1880, but the discriminatory ordinances remained.
Today the Port of Oakland, the fourth busiest in the United States, stands where the Central Pacific's wharf once stood. Trains still rumble through the city, connecting both with the port and with other destinations to the north, south, and east. West Oakland remains a neighborhood in need, and the city's Chinatown district continues to thrive. Immigrants continue to face challenges in the city, and African Americans, the city's majority for many years until recently, continue to struggle with poverty and generations of discrimination. Oakland's hills and other select gentrified neighborhoods house the economic descendants of the successful business owners of the 1870s, and it's downtown is undergoing a slow redevelopment and revitalization. Oakland's population now stands at about 400,000, making it once of the largest cities in northern California. Though the city faces serious challenges, Oakland would not be the city it is today without the decision of the "Big Four" to end the transcontinental railroad at its steamboat port.